Jamiʿ al-Utrush, an original Mamluk column with its capital

Jamiʿ al-Utrush, an original Mamluk column with its capital

Busra - al-Jami‘ (mosque) al-ʿUmari - courtyard surrounded by arcades

Busra – al-Jami‘ (mosque) al-ʿUmari – courtyard surrounded by arcades

Busra, Roman Theater surrounded by the Islamic Citadel

Busra, Roman Theater surrounded by the Islamic Citadel

View of Qaws Hadrian (Arch of Triumph) and the Great Colonnade

View of Qaws Hadrian (Arch of Triumph) and the Great Colonnade

A picture of workers doing restorations in the Umayyad Mosque

A picture of workers doing restorations in the Umayyad Mosque

Madrasat al-Firdaws, view to south - courtyard and arcades

Madrasat al-Firdaws, view to south – courtyard and arcades

The Great Colonnade at Afamiya

The Great Colonnade at Afamiya

Busra, al-Jami‘ (mosque) al-ʿUmari - the prayer hall

Busra, al-Jami‘ (mosque) al-ʿUmari – the prayer hall

General view of the Tetrapylon

General view of the Tetrapylon

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, the current prayer hall was part of ِAleppo's Byzantine cathedral

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, the current prayer hall was part of ِAleppo’s Byzantine cathedral

Kharab Shams, view from south at church ruin, 4th/6th century CE

Kharab Shams, view from south at church ruin, 4th/6th century CE

Damage pattern, scaling in tufa / tuffstone column, Guadalajara, Mexico

Fig. 34, Catalogue of Damage

Damage pattern, spalling at granite column, Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, Turkey

Fig. 36, Catalogue of Damage

A shepherd with his herd and tourists

A shepherd with his herd and tourists

Columns with Corinthian capitals- The Great Colonnade at Afamiya

Columns with Corinthian capitals- The Great Colonnade at Afamiya

Yabrud, Residential house with covered terrace (riwaq)

Yabrud, Residential house with covered terrace (riwaq)

Raqqa, Qasr al-Banat, courtyard with southern Iwan

Raqqa, Qasr al-Banat, courtyard with southern Iwan

Raqqa, Qasr al-Banat, courtyard with southern Iwan

Raqqa, Qasr al-Banat, courtyard with southern Iwan

Khusrawiyya-complex, view of the Mosque in 2010

Khusrawiyya-complex, view of the Mosque in 2010

A general scene showing some of the ruins of Palmyra and the Castle Ibn Maʿn

A general scene showing some of the ruins of Palmyra and the Castle Ibn Maʿn

The Throne Hall in Damascus Citadel

The Throne Hall in Damascus Citadel

[temporary title for #44091]

[temporary title for #44091]

A row of Byzantine columns, Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi

A row of Byzantine columns, Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi

Temple of Bel behind palm trees

Temple of Bel behind palm trees

East and south side of the cella of Bel Temple

East and south side of the cella of Bel Temple

Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha, Coffeehouse, interior

Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha, Coffeehouse, interior

Busra, the Roman theater stage is surrounded by the Islamic citadel

Busra, the Roman theater stage is surrounded by the Islamic citadel

A group of columns, remains of the southern Roman baths in Busra

A group of columns, remains of the southern Roman baths in Busra

Damascus, Khan Asʿad Basha al-ʿAzm, upper view of the inner courtyard and its fountain in the center

Damascus, Khan Asʿad Basha al-ʿAzm, upper view of the inner courtyard and its fountain in the center

The Great Colonnade

The Great Colonnade